Elektrophysiologische und hämodynamische Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Sprache

Zusammenfassung

Der Artikel stellt aktuelle neurowissenschaftliche Methoden und Verfahren vor, mit denen Sprachverarbeitung im Gehirn untersucht werden kann. Es werden invasive klinische Elektrostimulationstechniken, die semi-invasive Positronenemissionstomografie (PET) sowie die nicht-invasiven Verfahren der Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT), Transkraniellen Magnetstimulation (TMS) und Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (NIRS) vorgestellt. Die Analysemethoden der Elektroenzephalografie (EEG) und Magnetenzephalografie (MEG) haben bereits eine jahrzehntelange Entwicklung durchlaufen, daher finden insbesondere spektralanalytische Aspekte der EEG/MEG-Auswertung stärkere Erwähnung. Insbesondere für die Untersuchung höherer kognitiver Funktionen wie Sprache zeigen solche Methoden, die in neuronalen Netzen parallel ablaufende Prozesse über die Zeit hin darstellen können, Vorteile im Vergleich zu Methoden, die die summierte Neuronenaktivität einer Hirnregion erfassen. Auch neuere Verfahren zur Messung neuronaler Synchronisation, wie z. B. die Berechnung der Phasensynchronisation oder Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) zur Darstellung von Konnektivitätsnetzwerken, werden vorgestellt.

Abstract

This article gives an overview of current neuroscientific methods and techniques for investigating language based on brain activity. Starting with invasive electrostimulation during neurosurgery and preoperative diagnostics, semi-invasive methods such as positron emission tomography (PET), as well as non-invasive methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are introduced. Since the evaluation techniques for electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were developed decades ago, a focus is set on spectral analytical EEG/MEG evaluation techniques. In particular with respect to higher cognitive functions such as meaning construction in language interaction, methods that are suitable for detecting parallel processes over time in neuronal networks (“neural cell assemblies”) show some advantages in comparison to methods which localise summarised neural activity. Accordingly, current developments in detecting neural synchronisation, such as phase synchronisation in EEG or dynamic causal modelling (DCM) in fMRI are presented.

Schlüsselwörter

Neurolinguistik - Methoden - Sprache

Key words

neurolinguistics - methods - language

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